elpa1_auxiliary.F90

!    This file is part of ELPA.
!
!    The ELPA library was originally created by the ELPA consortium,
!    consisting of the following organizations:
!
!    - Max Planck Computing and Data Facility (MPCDF), formerly known as
!      Rechenzentrum Garching der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (RZG),
!    - Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Lehrstuhl für angewandte
!      Informatik,
!    - Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Informatik mit
!      Schwerpunkt Wissenschaftliches Rechnen ,
!    - Fritz-Haber-Institut, Berlin, Abt. Theorie,
!    - Max-Plack-Institut für Mathematik in den Naturwissenschaften,
!      Leipzig, Abt. Komplexe Strukutren in Biologie und Kognition,
!      and
!    - IBM Deutschland GmbH
!
!    This particular source code file contains additions, changes and
!    enhancements authored by Intel Corporation which is not part of
!    the ELPA consortium.
!
!    More information can be found here:
!    http://elpa.mpcdf.mpg.de/
!
!    ELPA is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
!    it under the terms of the version 3 of the license of the
!    GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
!    Software Foundation.
!
!    ELPA is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
!    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
!    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
!    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
!
!    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
!    along with ELPA.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>
!
!    ELPA reflects a substantial effort on the part of the original
!    ELPA consortium, and we ask you to respect the spirit of the
!    license that we chose: i.e., please contribute any changes you
!    may have back to the original ELPA library distribution, and keep
!    any derivatives of ELPA under the same license that we chose for
!    the original distribution, the GNU Lesser General Public License.
!
!
! ELPA1 -- Faster replacements for ScaLAPACK symmetric eigenvalue routines
!
! Copyright of the original code rests with the authors inside the ELPA
! consortium. The copyright of any additional modifications shall rest
! with their original authors, but shall adhere to the licensing terms
! distributed along with the original code in the file "COPYING".

#include "config-f90.h"

!> \brief Fortran module which provides helper routines for matrix calculations
module ELPA1_AUXILIARY
  use elpa_utilities
  
  implicit none

  public :: elpa_mult_at_b_real_double      !< Multiply double-precision real matrices A**T * B
  public :: mult_at_b_real                  !< Old, deprecated interface to multiply double-precision real matrices A**T * B. DO NOT USE

  public :: elpa_mult_ah_b_complex_double   !< Multiply double-precision complex matrices A**H * B
  public :: mult_ah_b_complex               !< Old, deprecated interface to multiply double-precision complex matrices A**H * B. DO NOT USE

  public :: elpa_invert_trm_real_double     !< Invert double-precision real triangular matrix
  public :: invert_trm_real                 !< Old, deprecated interface for inversion of double-precision real triangular matrix. DO NOT USE

  public :: elpa_invert_trm_complex_double  !< Invert double-precision complex triangular matrix
  public :: invert_trm_complex              !< Old, deprecated interface to invert double-precision complex triangular matrix. DO NOT USE

  public :: elpa_cholesky_real_double       !< Cholesky factorization of a double-precision real matrix
  public :: cholesky_real                   !< Old, deprecated name for Cholesky factorization of a double-precision real matrix. DO NOT USE

  public :: elpa_cholesky_complex_double    !< Cholesky factorization of a double-precision complex matrix
  public :: cholesky_complex                !< Old, deprecated interface for a Cholesky factorization of a double-precision complex matrix. DO NOT USE

  public :: elpa_solve_tridi_double         !< Solve tridiagonal eigensystem for a double-precision matrix with divide and conquer method
  public :: solve_tridi                     !< Old, deprecated interface to solve tridiagonal eigensystem for a double-precision matrix with divide and conquer method

#ifdef WANT_SINGLE_PRECISION_REAL
  public :: elpa_cholesky_real_single       !< Cholesky factorization of a single-precision real matrix
  public :: elpa_invert_trm_real_single     !< Invert single-precision real triangular matrix
  public :: elpa_mult_at_b_real_single      !< Multiply single-precision real matrices A**T * B
  public :: elpa_solve_tridi_single         !< Solve tridiagonal eigensystem for a single-precision matrix with divide and conquer method
#endif

#ifdef WANT_SINGLE_PRECISION_COMPLEX
  public :: elpa_cholesky_complex_single    !< Cholesky factorization of a single-precision complex matrix
  public :: elpa_invert_trm_complex_single  !< Invert single-precision complex triangular matrix
  public :: elpa_mult_ah_b_complex_single   !< Multiply single-precision complex matrices A**H * B
#endif

!> \brief  cholesky_real: old, deprecated interface for Cholesky factorization of a double-precision real symmetric matrix
!> \details
!>
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be factorized.
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              On return, the upper triangle contains the Cholesky factor
!>                              and the lower triangle is set to 0.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param                       matrixCols  local columns of matrix a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \result succes                logical, reports success or failure
  interface cholesky_real
    module procedure elpa_cholesky_real_double
  end interface

!> \brief  Old, deprecated interface invert_trm_real: Inverts a upper double-precision triangular matrix
!> \details
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be inverted
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              The lower triangle is not referenced.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  matrixCols           local columns of matrix a
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \param result                logical, reports success or failure

  interface invert_trm_real
    module procedure elpa_invert_trm_real_double
  end interface

!> \brief  old, deprecated interface cholesky_complex: Cholesky factorization of a double-precision complex hermitian matrix
!> \details
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be factorized.
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              On return, the upper triangle contains the Cholesky factor
!>                              and the lower triangle is set to 0.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  matrixCols           local columns of matrix a
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \result succes               logical, reports success or failure


  interface cholesky_complex
    module procedure elpa_cholesky_real_double
  end interface

!> \brief  old, deprecated interface invert_trm_complex: Inverts a double-precision complex upper triangular matrix
!> \details
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be inverted
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              The lower triangle is not referenced.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  matrixCols           local columns of matrix a
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \result succes               logical, reports success or failure

  interface invert_trm_complex
    module procedure elpa_invert_trm_complex_double
  end interface

!> \brief  mult_at_b_real: Performs C : = A**T * B for double matrices
!> this is the old, deprecated interface for the newer elpa_mult_at_b_real
!>         where   A is a square matrix (na,na) which is optionally upper or lower triangular
!>                 B is a (na,ncb) matrix
!>                 C is a (na,ncb) matrix where optionally only the upper or lower
!>                   triangle may be computed
!> \details

!> \param  uplo_a               'U' if A is upper triangular
!>                              'L' if A is lower triangular
!>                              anything else if A is a full matrix
!>                              Please note: This pertains to the original A (as set in the calling program)
!>                                           whereas the transpose of A is used for calculations
!>                              If uplo_a is 'U' or 'L', the other triangle is not used at all,
!>                              i.e. it may contain arbitrary numbers
!> \param uplo_c                'U' if only the upper diagonal part of C is needed
!>                              'L' if only the upper diagonal part of C is needed
!>                              anything else if the full matrix C is needed
!>                              Please note: Even when uplo_c is 'U' or 'L', the other triangle may be
!>                                            written to a certain extent, i.e. one shouldn't rely on the content there!
!> \param na                    Number of rows/columns of A, number of rows of B and C
!> \param ncb                   Number of columns  of B and C
!> \param a                     matrix a
!> \param lda                   leading dimension of matrix a
!> \param b                     matrix b
!> \param ldb                   leading dimension of matrix b
!> \param nblk                  blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param c                     matrix c
!> \param ldc                   leading dimension of matrix c
  interface mult_at_b_real
    module procedure elpa_mult_at_b_real_double
  end interface

!> \brief  Old, deprecated interface mult_ah_b_complex: Performs C : = A**H * B for double-precision matrices
!>         where   A is a square matrix (na,na) which is optionally upper or lower triangular
!>                 B is a (na,ncb) matrix
!>                 C is a (na,ncb) matrix where optionally only the upper or lower
!>                   triangle may be computed
!> \details
!>
!> \param  uplo_a               'U' if A is upper triangular
!>                              'L' if A is lower triangular
!>                              anything else if A is a full matrix
!>                              Please note: This pertains to the original A (as set in the calling program)
!>                                           whereas the transpose of A is used for calculations
!>                              If uplo_a is 'U' or 'L', the other triangle is not used at all,
!>                              i.e. it may contain arbitrary numbers
!> \param uplo_c                'U' if only the upper diagonal part of C is needed
!>                              'L' if only the upper diagonal part of C is needed
!>                              anything else if the full matrix C is needed
!>                              Please note: Even when uplo_c is 'U' or 'L', the other triangle may be
!>                                            written to a certain extent, i.e. one shouldn't rely on the content there!
!> \param na                    Number of rows/columns of A, number of rows of B and C
!> \param ncb                   Number of columns  of B and C
!> \param a                     matrix a
!> \param lda                   leading dimension of matrix a
!> \param b                     matrix b
!> \param ldb                   leading dimension of matrix b
!> \param nblk                  blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param c                     matrix c
!> \param ldc                   leading dimension of matrix c
  interface mult_ah_b_complex
    module procedure elpa_mult_ah_b_complex_double
  end interface


!> \brief  solve_tridi: Old, deprecated interface to solve a double-precision tridiagonal eigensystem for a double-precision matrix with divide and conquer method
!> \details
!>
!> \param na                    Matrix dimension
!> \param nev                   number of eigenvalues/vectors to be computed
!> \param d                     array d(na) on input diagonal elements of tridiagonal matrix, on
!>                              output the eigenvalues in ascending order
!> \param e                     array e(na) on input subdiagonal elements of matrix, on exit destroyed
!> \param q                     on exit : matrix q(ldq,matrixCols) contains the eigenvectors
!> \param ldq                   leading dimension of matrix q
!> \param nblk                  blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param matrixCols            columns of matrix q
!> \param mpi_comm_rows         MPI communicator for rows
!> \param mpi_comm_cols         MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, give more debug information if .true.
!> \result success              logical, .true. on success, else .false.
  interface solve_tridi
    module procedure elpa_solve_tridi_double
  end interface

  contains

!> \brief  cholesky_real_double: Cholesky factorization of a double-precision real symmetric matrix
!> \details
!>
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be factorized.
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              On return, the upper triangle contains the Cholesky factor
!>                              and the lower triangle is set to 0.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  matrixCols           local columns of matrix a
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \param succes                logical, reports success or failure

#undef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
#undef REAL_DATATYPE
#define DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL 1
#define REAL_DATATYPE rk8

   function elpa_cholesky_real_double(na, a, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols, &
                                            wantDebug) result(success)
     use elpa1_compute
     use elpa_utilities
     use elpa_mpi
#ifdef HAVE_DETAILED_TIMINGS
     use timings
#else
     use timings_dummy
#endif
     use precision
      implicit none

      integer(kind=ik)              :: na, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols
#ifdef USE_ASSUMED_SIZE
      real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)      :: a(lda,*)
#else
      real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)      :: a(lda,matrixCols)
#endif
      integer(kind=ik)              :: my_prow, my_pcol, np_rows, np_cols, mpierr
      integer(kind=ik)              :: l_cols, l_rows, l_col1, l_row1, l_colx, l_rowx
      integer(kind=ik)              :: n, nc, i, info
      integer(kind=ik)              :: lcs, lce, lrs, lre
      integer(kind=ik)              :: tile_size, l_rows_tile, l_cols_tile

      real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE), allocatable    :: tmp1(:), tmp2(:,:), tmatr(:,:), tmatc(:,:)

      logical, intent(in)           :: wantDebug
      logical                       :: success
      integer(kind=ik)              :: istat
      character(200)                :: errorMessage

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
      call timer%start("elpa_cholesky_real_double")
#else
      call timer%start("elpa_cholesky_real_single")
#endif

      call timer%start("mpi_communication")
      call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_rows,my_prow,mpierr)
      call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_rows,np_rows,mpierr)
      call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_cols,my_pcol,mpierr)
      call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_cols,np_cols,mpierr)
      call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
      success = .true.

      ! Matrix is split into tiles; work is done only for tiles on the diagonal or above

      tile_size = nblk*least_common_multiple(np_rows,np_cols) ! minimum global tile size
      tile_size = ((128*max(np_rows,np_cols)-1)/tile_size+1)*tile_size ! make local tiles at least 128 wide

      l_rows_tile = tile_size/np_rows ! local rows of a tile
      l_cols_tile = tile_size/np_cols ! local cols of a tile

      l_rows = local_index(na, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, -1) ! Local rows of a
      l_cols = local_index(na, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, -1) ! Local cols of a

      allocate(tmp1(nblk*nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmp1 "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      allocate(tmp2(nblk,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmp2 "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      tmp1 = 0
      tmp2 = 0

      allocate(tmatr(l_rows,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmatr "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      allocate(tmatc(l_cols,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmatc "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      tmatr = 0
      tmatc = 0

      do n = 1, na, nblk
        ! Calculate first local row and column of the still remaining matrix
        ! on the local processor

        l_row1 = local_index(n, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1)
        l_col1 = local_index(n, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1)

        l_rowx = local_index(n+nblk, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1)
        l_colx = local_index(n+nblk, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1)

        if (n+nblk > na) then

          ! This is the last step, just do a Cholesky-Factorization
          ! of the remaining block

          if (my_prow==prow(n, nblk, np_rows) .and. my_pcol==pcol(n, nblk, np_cols)) then
            call timer%start("blas")
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
            call dpotrf('U', na-n+1, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#else
            call spotrf('U', na-n+1, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#endif
            call timer%stop("blas")

            if (info/=0) then
              if (wantDebug) write(error_unit,*) "elpa_cholesky_real: Error in dpotrf 1: ",info
              success = .false.
              return
            endif

          endif

          exit ! Loop

        endif

        if (my_prow==prow(n, nblk, np_rows)) then

          if (my_pcol==pcol(n, nblk, np_cols)) then

            ! The process owning the upper left remaining block does the
            ! Cholesky-Factorization of this block
            call timer%start("blas")

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
            call dpotrf('U', nblk, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#else
            call spotrf('U', nblk, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#endif
            call timer%stop("blas")

            if (info/=0) then
              if (wantDebug) write(error_unit,*) "elpa_cholesky_real: Error in dpotrf 2: ",info
              success = .false.
              return
            endif

            nc = 0
            do i=1,nblk
              tmp1(nc+1:nc+i) = a(l_row1:l_row1+i-1,l_col1+i-1)
              nc = nc+i
            enddo
          endif
#ifdef WITH_MPI
          call timer%start("mpi_communication")

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
          call MPI_Bcast(tmp1, nblk*(nblk+1)/2, MPI_REAL8, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#else
          call MPI_Bcast(tmp1, nblk*(nblk+1)/2, MPI_REAL4, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#endif

          call timer%stop("mpi_communication")

#endif /* WITH_MPI */
          nc = 0
          do i=1,nblk
            tmp2(1:i,i) = tmp1(nc+1:nc+i)
            nc = nc+i
          enddo

          call timer%start("blas")
          if (l_cols-l_colx+1>0) &
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
              call dtrsm('L', 'U', 'T', 'N', nblk, l_cols-l_colx+1, 1.0_rk8, tmp2, ubound(tmp2,dim=1), a(l_row1,l_colx), lda)
#else
              call strsm('L', 'U', 'T', 'N', nblk, l_cols-l_colx+1, 1.0_rk4, tmp2, ubound(tmp2,dim=1), a(l_row1,l_colx), lda)
#endif
          call timer%stop("blas")
        endif

        do i=1,nblk

          if (my_prow==prow(n, nblk, np_rows)) tmatc(l_colx:l_cols,i) = a(l_row1+i-1,l_colx:l_cols)
#ifdef WITH_MPI

          call timer%start("mpi_communication")
          if (l_cols-l_colx+1>0) &
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
            call MPI_Bcast(tmatc(l_colx,i), l_cols-l_colx+1, MPI_REAL8, prow(n, nblk, np_rows), mpi_comm_rows, mpierr)
#else
            call MPI_Bcast(tmatc(l_colx,i), l_cols-l_colx+1, MPI_REAL4, prow(n, nblk, np_rows), mpi_comm_rows, mpierr)
#endif

          call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
#endif /* WITH_MPI */
        enddo
        ! this has to be checked since it was changed substantially when doing type safe
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
        call elpa_transpose_vectors_real_double  (tmatc, ubound(tmatc,dim=1), mpi_comm_cols, &
                                      tmatr, ubound(tmatr,dim=1), mpi_comm_rows, &
                                      n, na, nblk, nblk)
#else
        call elpa_transpose_vectors_real_single  (tmatc, ubound(tmatc,dim=1), mpi_comm_cols, &
                                      tmatr, ubound(tmatr,dim=1), mpi_comm_rows, &
                                      n, na, nblk, nblk)
#endif

        do i=0,(na-1)/tile_size
          lcs = max(l_colx,i*l_cols_tile+1)
          lce = min(l_cols,(i+1)*l_cols_tile)
          lrs = l_rowx
          lre = min(l_rows,(i+1)*l_rows_tile)
          if (lce<lcs .or. lre<lrs) cycle
          call timer%start("blas")

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
          call DGEMM('N', 'T', lre-lrs+1, lce-lcs+1, nblk, -1.0_rk8,                        &
                     tmatr(lrs,1), ubound(tmatr,dim=1), tmatc(lcs,1), ubound(tmatc,dim=1), &
                     1.0_rk8, a(lrs,lcs), lda)
#else
          call SGEMM('N', 'T', lre-lrs+1, lce-lcs+1, nblk, -1.0_rk4,                        &
                     tmatr(lrs,1), ubound(tmatr,dim=1), tmatc(lcs,1), ubound(tmatc,dim=1), &
                     1.0_rk4, a(lrs,lcs), lda)
#endif
          call timer%stop("blas")

        enddo

      enddo

      deallocate(tmp1, tmp2, tmatr, tmatc, stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when deallocating tmp1 "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      ! Set the lower triangle to 0, it contains garbage (form the above matrix multiplications)

      do i=1,na
        if (my_pcol==pcol(i, nblk, np_cols)) then
          ! column i is on local processor
          l_col1 = local_index(i  , my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1) ! local column number
          l_row1 = local_index(i+1, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1) ! first row below diagonal
          a(l_row1:l_rows,l_col1) = 0
        endif
      enddo
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
      call timer%stop("elpa_cholesky_real_double")
#else
      call timer%stop("elpa_cholesky_real_single")
#endif

    end function elpa_cholesky_real_double

#ifdef WANT_SINGLE_PRECISION_REAL
#undef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
#undef REAL_DATATYPE
#define REAL_DATATYPE rk4

!> \brief  cholesky_real_single: Cholesky factorization of a single-precision real symmetric matrix
!> \details
!>
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be factorized.
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              On return, the upper triangle contains the Cholesky factor
!>                              and the lower triangle is set to 0.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  matrixCols           local columns of matrix a
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \param succes                logical, reports success or failure

   function elpa_cholesky_real_single(na, a, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols, &
                                            wantDebug) result(success)
     use elpa1_compute
     use elpa_utilities
     use elpa_mpi
#ifdef HAVE_DETAILED_TIMINGS
     use timings
#else
     use timings_dummy
#endif
     use precision

     implicit none

      integer(kind=ik)              :: na, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols
#ifdef USE_ASSUMED_SIZE
      real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)      :: a(lda,*)
#else
      real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)      :: a(lda,matrixCols)
#endif
      integer(kind=ik)              :: my_prow, my_pcol, np_rows, np_cols, mpierr
      integer(kind=ik)              :: l_cols, l_rows, l_col1, l_row1, l_colx, l_rowx
      integer(kind=ik)              :: n, nc, i, info
      integer(kind=ik)              :: lcs, lce, lrs, lre
      integer(kind=ik)              :: tile_size, l_rows_tile, l_cols_tile

      real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE), allocatable    :: tmp1(:), tmp2(:,:), tmatr(:,:), tmatc(:,:)

      logical, intent(in)           :: wantDebug
      logical                       :: success
      integer(kind=ik)              :: istat
      character(200)                :: errorMessage

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
      call timer%start("elpa_cholesky_real_double")
#else
      call timer%start("elpa_cholesky_real_single")
#endif

      call timer%start("mpi_communication")

      call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_rows,my_prow,mpierr)
      call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_rows,np_rows,mpierr)
      call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_cols,my_pcol,mpierr)
      call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_cols,np_cols,mpierr)

      call timer%stop("mpi_communication")

      success = .true.

      ! Matrix is split into tiles; work is done only for tiles on the diagonal or above

      tile_size = nblk*least_common_multiple(np_rows,np_cols) ! minimum global tile size
      tile_size = ((128*max(np_rows,np_cols)-1)/tile_size+1)*tile_size ! make local tiles at least 128 wide

      l_rows_tile = tile_size/np_rows ! local rows of a tile
      l_cols_tile = tile_size/np_cols ! local cols of a tile

      l_rows = local_index(na, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, -1) ! Local rows of a
      l_cols = local_index(na, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, -1) ! Local cols of a

      allocate(tmp1(nblk*nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmp1 "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      allocate(tmp2(nblk,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmp2 "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      tmp1 = 0
      tmp2 = 0

      allocate(tmatr(l_rows,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmatr "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      allocate(tmatc(l_cols,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when allocating tmatc "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      tmatr = 0
      tmatc = 0

      do n = 1, na, nblk

        ! Calculate first local row and column of the still remaining matrix
        ! on the local processor

        l_row1 = local_index(n, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1)
        l_col1 = local_index(n, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1)

        l_rowx = local_index(n+nblk, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1)
        l_colx = local_index(n+nblk, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1)

        if (n+nblk > na) then

          ! This is the last step, just do a Cholesky-Factorization
          ! of the remaining block

          if (my_prow==prow(n, nblk, np_rows) .and. my_pcol==pcol(n, nblk, np_cols)) then
            call timer%start("blas")

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
            call dpotrf('U', na-n+1, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#else
            call spotrf('U', na-n+1, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#endif
            call timer%stop("blas")

            if (info/=0) then
              if (wantDebug) write(error_unit,*) "elpa_cholesky_real: Error in dpotrf"
              success = .false.
              return
            endif

          endif

          exit ! Loop

        endif

        if (my_prow==prow(n, nblk, np_rows)) then

          if (my_pcol==pcol(n, nblk, np_cols)) then

            ! The process owning the upper left remaining block does the
            ! Cholesky-Factorization of this block
            call timer%start("blas")

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
            call dpotrf('U', nblk, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#else
            call spotrf('U', nblk, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#endif
            call timer%stop("blas")

            if (info/=0) then
              if (wantDebug) write(error_unit,*) "elpa_cholesky_real: Error in dpotrf"
              success = .false.
              return
            endif

            nc = 0
            do i=1,nblk
              tmp1(nc+1:nc+i) = a(l_row1:l_row1+i-1,l_col1+i-1)
              nc = nc+i
            enddo
          endif
#ifdef WITH_MPI
          call timer%start("mpi_communication")

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
          call MPI_Bcast(tmp1, nblk*(nblk+1)/2, MPI_REAL8, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#else
          call MPI_Bcast(tmp1, nblk*(nblk+1)/2, MPI_REAL4, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#endif
          call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
#endif /* WITH_MPI */
          nc = 0
          do i=1,nblk
            tmp2(1:i,i) = tmp1(nc+1:nc+i)
            nc = nc+i
          enddo

          call timer%start("blas")
          if (l_cols-l_colx+1>0) &
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
              call dtrsm('L', 'U', 'T', 'N', nblk, l_cols-l_colx+1, 1.0_rk8, tmp2, ubound(tmp2,dim=1), a(l_row1,l_colx), lda)
#else
              call strsm('L', 'U', 'T', 'N', nblk, l_cols-l_colx+1, 1.0_rk4, tmp2, ubound(tmp2,dim=1), a(l_row1,l_colx), lda)
#endif
          call timer%stop("blas")

        endif

        do i=1,nblk

          if (my_prow==prow(n, nblk, np_rows)) tmatc(l_colx:l_cols,i) = a(l_row1+i-1,l_colx:l_cols)
#ifdef WITH_MPI
          call timer%start("mpi_communication")
          if (l_cols-l_colx+1>0) &
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
              call MPI_Bcast(tmatc(l_colx,i), l_cols-l_colx+1, MPI_REAL8, prow(n, nblk, np_rows), mpi_comm_rows, mpierr)
#else
              call MPI_Bcast(tmatc(l_colx,i), l_cols-l_colx+1, MPI_REAL4, prow(n, nblk, np_rows), mpi_comm_rows, mpierr)
#endif
          call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
#endif /* WITH_MPI */
        enddo
        ! this has to be checked since it was changed substantially when doing type safe
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
        call elpa_transpose_vectors_real_double  (tmatc, ubound(tmatc,dim=1), mpi_comm_cols, &
                                      tmatr, ubound(tmatr,dim=1), mpi_comm_rows, &
                                      n, na, nblk, nblk)
#else
        call elpa_transpose_vectors_real_single  (tmatc, ubound(tmatc,dim=1), mpi_comm_cols, &
                                      tmatr, ubound(tmatr,dim=1), mpi_comm_rows, &
                                      n, na, nblk, nblk)
#endif

        do i=0,(na-1)/tile_size
          lcs = max(l_colx,i*l_cols_tile+1)
          lce = min(l_cols,(i+1)*l_cols_tile)
          lrs = l_rowx
          lre = min(l_rows,(i+1)*l_rows_tile)
          if (lce<lcs .or. lre<lrs) cycle
          call timer%start("blas")

#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
          call DGEMM('N', 'T', lre-lrs+1, lce-lcs+1, nblk, -1.0_rk8,                        &
                     tmatr(lrs,1), ubound(tmatr,dim=1), tmatc(lcs,1), ubound(tmatc,dim=1), &
                     1.0_rk8, a(lrs,lcs), lda)
#else
          call SGEMM('N', 'T', lre-lrs+1, lce-lcs+1, nblk, -1.0_rk4,                        &
                     tmatr(lrs,1), ubound(tmatr,dim=1), tmatc(lcs,1), ubound(tmatc,dim=1), &
                     1.0_rk4, a(lrs,lcs), lda)
#endif
          call timer%stop("blas")
        enddo

      enddo

      deallocate(tmp1, tmp2, tmatr, tmatc, stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
      if (istat .ne. 0) then
        print *,"elpa_cholesky_real: error when deallocating tmp1 "//errorMessage
        stop
      endif

      ! Set the lower triangle to 0, it contains garbage (form the above matrix multiplications)

      do i=1,na
        if (my_pcol==pcol(i, nblk, np_cols)) then
          ! column i is on local processor
          l_col1 = local_index(i  , my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1) ! local column number
          l_row1 = local_index(i+1, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1) ! first row below diagonal
          a(l_row1:l_rows,l_col1) = 0
        endif
      enddo
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
      call timer%stop("elpa_cholesky_real_double")
#else
      call timer%stop("elpa_cholesky_real_single")
#endif

    end function elpa_cholesky_real_single

#endif /* WANT_SINGLE_PRECSION_REAL */

#undef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
#undef REAL_DATATYPE
#define DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL 1
#define REAL_DATATYPE rk8
!> \brief  elpa_invert_trm_real_double: Inverts a double-precision real upper triangular matrix
!> \details
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be inverted
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              The lower triangle is not referenced.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  matrixCols           local columns of matrix a
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \result succes               logical, reports success or failure
    function elpa_invert_trm_real_double(na, a, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols, wantDebug) result(success)
       use precision
       use elpa1_compute
       use elpa_utilities
       use elpa_mpi
#ifdef HAVE_DETAILED_TIMINGS
       use timings
#else
       use timings_dummy
#endif
       implicit none

       integer(kind=ik)             :: na, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols
#ifdef USE_ASSUMED_SIZE
       real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)     :: a(lda,*)
#else
       real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)     :: a(lda,matrixCols)
#endif
       integer(kind=ik)             :: my_prow, my_pcol, np_rows, np_cols, mpierr
       integer(kind=ik)             :: l_cols, l_rows, l_col1, l_row1, l_colx, l_rowx
       integer(kind=ik)             :: n, nc, i, info, ns, nb

       real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE), allocatable   :: tmp1(:), tmp2(:,:), tmat1(:,:), tmat2(:,:)

       logical, intent(in)          :: wantDebug
       logical                      :: success
       integer(kind=ik)             :: istat
       character(200)               :: errorMessage

       call timer%start("mpi_communication")
       call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_rows,my_prow,mpierr)
       call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_rows,np_rows,mpierr)
       call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_cols,my_pcol,mpierr)
       call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_cols,np_cols,mpierr)
       call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
       success = .true.

       l_rows = local_index(na, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, -1) ! Local rows of a
       l_cols = local_index(na, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, -1) ! Local cols of a

       allocate(tmp1(nblk*nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmp1 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif

       allocate(tmp2(nblk,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmp2 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif

       tmp1 = 0
       tmp2 = 0

       allocate(tmat1(l_rows,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmat1 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif

       allocate(tmat2(nblk,l_cols), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmat2 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif

       tmat1 = 0
       tmat2 = 0


       ns = ((na-1)/nblk)*nblk + 1

       do n = ns,1,-nblk

         l_row1 = local_index(n, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1)
         l_col1 = local_index(n, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1)

         nb = nblk
         if (na-n+1 < nblk) nb = na-n+1

         l_rowx = local_index(n+nb, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, +1)
         l_colx = local_index(n+nb, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, +1)

         if (my_prow==prow(n, nblk, np_rows)) then

           if (my_pcol==pcol(n, nblk, np_cols)) then
             call timer%start("blas")
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
             call DTRTRI('U', 'N', nb, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#else
             call STRTRI('U', 'N', nb, a(l_row1,l_col1), lda, info)
#endif
             call timer%stop("blas")

             if (info/=0) then
               if (wantDebug) write(error_unit,*) "elpa_invert_trm_real: Error in DTRTRI"
               success = .false.
               return
             endif

             nc = 0
             do i=1,nb
               tmp1(nc+1:nc+i) = a(l_row1:l_row1+i-1,l_col1+i-1)
               nc = nc+i
             enddo
           endif
#ifdef WITH_MPI
           call timer%start("mpi_communication")
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
           call MPI_Bcast(tmp1, nb*(nb+1)/2, MPI_REAL8, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#else
           call MPI_Bcast(tmp1, nb*(nb+1)/2, MPI_REAL4, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#endif
           call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
#endif /* WITH_MPI */
           nc = 0
           do i=1,nb
             tmp2(1:i,i) = tmp1(nc+1:nc+i)
             nc = nc+i
           enddo

           call timer%start("blas")
           if (l_cols-l_colx+1>0) &
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
               call DTRMM('L', 'U', 'N', 'N', nb, l_cols-l_colx+1, 1.0_rk8, tmp2, ubound(tmp2,dim=1), a(l_row1,l_colx), lda)
#else
               call STRMM('L', 'U', 'N', 'N', nb, l_cols-l_colx+1, 1.0_rk4, tmp2, ubound(tmp2,dim=1), a(l_row1,l_colx), lda)
#endif
           call timer%stop("blas")
           if (l_colx<=l_cols)   tmat2(1:nb,l_colx:l_cols) = a(l_row1:l_row1+nb-1,l_colx:l_cols)
           if (my_pcol==pcol(n, nblk, np_cols)) tmat2(1:nb,l_col1:l_col1+nb-1) = tmp2(1:nb,1:nb) ! tmp2 has the lower left triangle 0

         endif

         if (l_row1>1) then
           if (my_pcol==pcol(n, nblk, np_cols)) then
             tmat1(1:l_row1-1,1:nb) = a(1:l_row1-1,l_col1:l_col1+nb-1)
             a(1:l_row1-1,l_col1:l_col1+nb-1) = 0
           endif

           do i=1,nb
#ifdef WITH_MPI
             call timer%start("mpi_communication")
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
             call MPI_Bcast(tmat1(1,i), l_row1-1, MPI_REAL8, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#else
             call MPI_Bcast(tmat1(1,i), l_row1-1, MPI_REAL4, pcol(n, nblk, np_cols), mpi_comm_cols, mpierr)
#endif
             call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
#endif /* WITH_MPI */
           enddo
         endif
#ifdef WITH_MPI
         call timer%start("mpi_communication")
         if (l_cols-l_col1+1>0) &
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
            call MPI_Bcast(tmat2(1,l_col1), (l_cols-l_col1+1)*nblk, MPI_REAL8, prow(n, nblk, np_rows), mpi_comm_rows, mpierr)
#else
            call MPI_Bcast(tmat2(1,l_col1), (l_cols-l_col1+1)*nblk, MPI_REAL4, prow(n, nblk, np_rows), mpi_comm_rows, mpierr)
#endif
          call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
#endif /* WITH_MPI */

         call timer%start("blas")
         if (l_row1>1 .and. l_cols-l_col1+1>0) &
#ifdef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
            call dgemm('N', 'N', l_row1-1, l_cols-l_col1+1, nb, -1.0_rk8,                 &
                       tmat1, ubound(tmat1,dim=1), tmat2(1,l_col1), ubound(tmat2,dim=1), &
                       1.0_rk8, a(1,l_col1), lda)
#else
            call sgemm('N', 'N', l_row1-1, l_cols-l_col1+1, nb, -1.0_rk4,                 &
                       tmat1, ubound(tmat1,dim=1), tmat2(1,l_col1), ubound(tmat2,dim=1), &
                       1.0_rk4, a(1,l_col1), lda)
#endif
         call timer%stop("blas")

       enddo

       deallocate(tmp1, tmp2, tmat1, tmat2, stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when deallocating tmp1 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif
     end function elpa_invert_trm_real_double

#if WANT_SINGLE_PRECISION_REAL
#undef DOUBLE_PRECISION_REAL
#undef REAL_DATATYPE
#define REAL_DATATYPE rk4
!> \brief  elpa_invert_trm_real_single: Inverts a single-precision real upper triangular matrix
!> \details
!> \param  na                   Order of matrix
!> \param  a(lda,matrixCols)    Distributed matrix which should be inverted
!>                              Distribution is like in Scalapack.
!>                              Only upper triangle needs to be set.
!>                              The lower triangle is not referenced.
!> \param  lda                  Leading dimension of a
!> \param                       matrixCols  local columns of matrix a
!> \param  nblk                 blocksize of cyclic distribution, must be the same in both directions!
!> \param  mpi_comm_rows        MPI communicator for rows
!> \param  mpi_comm_cols        MPI communicator for columns
!> \param wantDebug             logical, more debug information on failure
!> \result succes               logical, reports success or failure
    function elpa_invert_trm_real_single(na, a, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols, wantDebug) result(success)
       use precision
       use elpa1_compute
       use elpa_utilities
       use elpa_mpi
#ifdef HAVE_DETAILED_TIMINGS
       use timings
#else
       use timings_dummy
#endif
       implicit none

       integer(kind=ik)             :: na, lda, nblk, matrixCols, mpi_comm_rows, mpi_comm_cols
#ifdef USE_ASSUMED_SIZE
       real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)     :: a(lda,*)
#else
       real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE)     :: a(lda,matrixCols)
#endif
       integer(kind=ik)             :: my_prow, my_pcol, np_rows, np_cols, mpierr
       integer(kind=ik)             :: l_cols, l_rows, l_col1, l_row1, l_colx, l_rowx
       integer(kind=ik)             :: n, nc, i, info, ns, nb

       real(kind=REAL_DATATYPE), allocatable   :: tmp1(:), tmp2(:,:), tmat1(:,:), tmat2(:,:)

       logical, intent(in)          :: wantDebug
       logical                      :: success
       integer(kind=ik)             :: istat
       character(200)               :: errorMessage

       call timer%start("mpi_communication")
       call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_rows,my_prow,mpierr)
       call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_rows,np_rows,mpierr)
       call mpi_comm_rank(mpi_comm_cols,my_pcol,mpierr)
       call mpi_comm_size(mpi_comm_cols,np_cols,mpierr)
       call timer%stop("mpi_communication")
       success = .true.

       l_rows = local_index(na, my_prow, np_rows, nblk, -1) ! Local rows of a
       l_cols = local_index(na, my_pcol, np_cols, nblk, -1) ! Local cols of a

       allocate(tmp1(nblk*nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmp1 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif

       allocate(tmp2(nblk,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmp2 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif

       tmp1 = 0
       tmp2 = 0

       allocate(tmat1(l_rows,nblk), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmat1 "//errorMessage
         stop
       endif

       allocate(tmat2(nblk,l_cols), stat=istat, errmsg=errorMessage)
       if (istat .ne. 0) then
         print *,"elpa_invert_trm_real: error when allocating tmat2 "//errorMessage